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Table 1
Processes and examples of agricultural crop protection practices sorted by E-S-R framework category.
Processus et exemples de pratiques de protection des cultures classés selon les catégories du cadre conceptuel E-S-R.
| E-S-R positioning | Process* | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Conventional/efficiency (E) | Intensive use of synthetic inputs (particularly pesticides) and move towards a more rational use of the same to improve efficiency | Application of fungicide to crop fields/orchards Fungicide resistance management Bioremediation to limit accumulation of azole fungicides in soil |
| Substitution (S) | Substitution of synthetic pesticides with non-synthetic pesticides, or substitution of other levers (e.g. mechanical) for the same purpose | Entomopathogenic fungi for biological pest control Bat guano for phytopathogenic nematode control |
| Redesign (R) | Redesign of the entire system as an agro-ecosystem based on ecological processes rather than external inputs | On farm-produced manure and plant waste compost for phytopathogenic nematode control |
*
After Hill and MacRae (1996) and Dupré et al. (2017).
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