Table 3
Total aflatoxin (AFB1 + AFB2 + AFG1 + AFG2) range, mean, and number (percentage) of samples with a total aflatoxin level greater than various regulatory limits, from the experimental fields in 2016 and 2017.
Aflatoxines totales (AFB1 + AFB2 + AFG1 + AFG2) : taux, moyenne et nombre (pourcentage) d’échantillons avec un taux d’aflatoxines total supérieur aux diverses limites réglementaires, issus des parcelles expérimentales en 2016 et 2017.
| Growing Season | Method of planting | Number of aflatoxin positive samples | Range of total aflatoxin (μg/kg) | Arith. Mean ± SE | Geo. Mean | % Reduction (planting method compared to flatbed) | >2 μg/kg Number (%) |
>4 μg/kg Number (%) |
>10 μg/kg Number (%) |
>20 μg/kg Number (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | Double row | 24 | 1.2–147 | 64.1 ± 11.3 | 26.6 | 12.1 | 21 (88) | 18 (75) | 16 (67) | 16 (67) |
| Flatbed | 24 | 2.4–149.4 | 57.2 ± 11.5 | 23.9 | − | 24 (100) | 16 (67) | 15 (65) | 15 (65) | |
| Single row | 24 | 1–141.3 | 34.1 ± 9.2 | 10.7 | − 40.4 | 18 (75) | 14 (58) | 14 (58) | 11 (46) | |
| Tied ridging | 24 | 1–30.9 | 7.3 ± 1.9 | 4.1 | − 87.2 | 20 (85) | 8 (33) | 5 (21) | 4 (17) | |
| 2017 | Double row | 13 | 1.7–784.9 | 96.7 ± 65.5 | 7.3 | 95.0 | 9 (69) | 6 (46) | 4 (31) | 2 (15) |
| Flatbed | 15 | 1.2–278 | 49.6 ± 22.2 | 7.6 | – | 9 (60) | 6 (40) | 5 (33) | 5 (33) | |
| Single row | 16 | 1.2–249.5 | 33.3 ± 18.2 | 5.9 | − 32.9 | 10 (63) | 9 (56) | 4 (25) | 4 (25) | |
| Tied ridging | 17 | 0.8–95.6 | 14.5 ± 6.9 | 3.1 | − 70.8 | 6 (35) | 4 (24) | 4 (24) | 4 (24) | |
| Across 2016–2017 | Double row | 37 | 1.2–784.8 | 75.6 ± 23.7 | 16.9 | 39.2 | 30 (81) | 24 (65) | 20 (54) | 18 (49) |
| Flatbed | 39 | 1.2–278 | 54.3 ± 10.9 | 15.4 | – | 33 (85) | 22 (56) | 20 (51) | 20 (51) | |
| Single row | 40 | 1.0–249.5 | 33.7 ± 8.9 | 8.4 | − 37.9 | 28 (70) | 23 (58) | 16 (40) | 16 (40) | |
| Tied ridging | 41 | 0.8–95.6 | 10.3 ± 3.1 | 3.5 | − 81.0 | 26 (63) | 12 (29) | 9 (22) | 9 (22) | |
Total aflatoxin limit for human consumption by Joint FAO/WHO is 2 μg/kg, while for EU, COMESA and USA, the total aflatoxin limit is 4, 10 and 20 μg/kg. SE = standard error of mean; Arith = arithmetic; Geo = Geometric. La limite d’aflatoxines totales pour la consommation humaine est de 2 μg/kg pour la FAO et l’OMS, alors que pour l’UE, le COMESA et les USA, la limite est de 4, 10 et 20 μg/kg. SE = erreur type de la moyenne ; Arith = arithmétique ; Geo = geométrique.
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