Table 2
Main references demonstrating impacts of the use of agricultural azole fungicides in specific crops on the emergence of clinical azole-resistant strains of Aspergillus fumigatus.
Principales références démontrant les impacts de l’utilisation de fongicides agricoles azolés sur des cultures spécifiques, sur l’émergence de souches d’Aspergillus fumigatus résistantes aux antifongiques cliniques azolés.
| References | Countries | Crops | Agricultural azoles* | Clinical azoles** | Percent of resistance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alvarez-Moreno et al. (2019) | Colombia | Carrots, potatoes, maize, strawberries, pea | ns | Itraconazole, voriconazole | 25% of soil samples had resistant strains |
| Barber et al. (2020) | Germany | Wheat, barley | Difenoconazole, tebuconazole | Itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole | 1–3% of agricultural isolates |
| Bromley et al. (2014) | UK | Wheat, barley, oilseed rape | Prothioconazole, tebuconazole, cyproconazole, epoxiconazole | Itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole | 1.7% of rural isolates |
| Cao et al. (2021) | China | Rice | Tebuconazole, difenoconazole, posaconazole, propiconazole, hexaconazole, prochloraz | ns | 2.4–20.0% of soil samples |
| Godeau et al. (2020) | France | Tulip | ns | Itraconazole, voriconazole | 71% of soil samples around a clinical area |
| Kano et al. (2015) | Japan | Vegetables | Tetraconazole | Itraconazole | 0% |
| Prigitano et al. (2014) | Italy | Apple, cucurbit | ns | Itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole | 21% of environmental soil samples |
| Ren et al. (2017) | China | Vegetables, fruits | Epoxiconazole, tebuconazole, propiconazole, hexaconazole, metconazole | Itraconazole, voriconazole | 5.8% of soil samples from greenhouses |
| Rocchi et al. (2014) | France | Wheat, barley | Epoxiconazole, tebuconazole, propiconazole | Itraconazole, voriconazole | 0.7% of agricultural soil isolates |
| Rocchi et al. (2018) | France | Vegetables | Difenoconazole | Itraconazole, voriconazole | 10% of market garden soil samples |
| Schoustra et al. (2019) | The Netherlands | Wheat, maize, fruits, flowers | Azaconazole, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, flusilazole, flutriafole, metconazole, penconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, thiabendazole, cyazofamid, fenamidone, iprodione, triazoxide, imazalil, prochloraz | Itraconazole | na |
| Sharma et al. (2015) | India, Romania, Tanzania | Sunflower, flowers | Bromuconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, penconazole, tebuconazole, triadimefon | Itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole | 25% of soil and woody debris samples |
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